Strategy Stucture TOEFL

Whatever the field of science in which you worked, you would know about the concept of "structure". In the engineering disciplines, sociology, anthropology, art, mathematics, economics, geography, and all branches of science known concept and the term 'structure' with different definitions. But if we look carefully, there is a common thread of all the definitions of the different concepts such.

A 'structure' certainly presupposes the existence of three main things, namely: 1) part / element / elements forming struktur2) linkages / relationships between elements / element / part tersebut3) law / order / specific pattern that binds all the elements / elements / bagianOleh as' structure 'implies three things above, then the same way the questions on the Structure & Written Expression is also presupposes three things. Therefore, the smallest unit being tested are sentences (not paragraphs as in section 3), then we should be able to recognize:
1) sentence-forming elements
2) relationships between elements sentence
3) the pattern of binding of all these elements.

Consider the sentence in question in the matter.

The purpose of the questions is to determine the structure section or determine what the most appropriate answer to know or determine what the most appropriate answer to supplement deficiencies in the problems in question. Here the need to identify the components of the sentence. Ie, which is the subject (noun), predicate (verb), object (noun), adverbs, adjectives and so on. It is advisable to understand the grammar to analyze a sentence.

1.      Consider each answer is available, choose the most appropriate questions to complete the sentence.

2.      Never eliminate an answer choice just look at the answer without looking at the matter of sentence.

In general, each answer choice is correct if it stands alone. An answer choice is right or wrong will be known after the insert into the sentence. It depends on the sentence, that is what is needed to complete the sentence. So just look at the answer choices and then decide to choose one of four answer choices is a fatal mistake.

General Strategy
In this section, there is a phrase that is part of the sentence is missing. Of 'structural paradigm' that I described above, then the most appropriate way to do this part is to determine which components are omitted in the sentence, whether the components of Subject, Verb, Complement, Object, CONJUNCTION, Appositive, or a combination of some of their components- these components. If this can not be done, then get to know in advance which components are present, then later look where the removed components. By knowing what components are eliminated, then at least we will be looking into the options that indeed we need and eliminate the wrong choices.


Example:

A camel ______________ 30 gallons of water in ten minutes.

(A) it can drink
(B) a large drink of
(C) can drink
(D) with a drink of


Problem above is typical about Part A (sentence completion), in which we are asked to determine the correct answer from the four choices given. Step 1: read in a very fleeting sentence tersebutLangkah 2: quickly determine what components dihilangkanLangkah 3: eliminasilah answer choices are not likely to be chosen (one) Langjah 4: answer the question


If seen, the above sentence contains components Subject ('A camel') but no Verb its components (in Indonesian we know this component as a predicate). So we have to find a Verb in the options provided. Of the four options, there are 2 options are NOT Verb, that option (b) and (d), so that automatically we will ignore these two options. Answer choices (a) contains a Verb, but still contains the Subject, that 'it'. Because the sentence already contains Subject, option (a) is therefore also wrong. The answer to the question above is (c), considering this is the only option that contains the verb. Remember, in the 2nd part TOEFL (Structure) answer to the question should be fit to answer the question, If the omitted verb, then seek Verb, should not be less (no load Verb) or more (contain other components that are not needed). 


About Subject and Verb
The main components of a sentence in English is Subject (S) and verb (V). However, the term Verb (verb) here commensurate with the predicate in Indonesian. Let us look at the following illustration:

Sentence: I am hungry. Subject: I
Predicate: laparKalimat above consists of only two words, 'I' and 'hungry'. In the Indonesian sentence is grammatically acceptable. Judging from the type he says, components subject 'I' is the pronoun (Pronoun or pronouns), and consists of a predicate adjective (adjective) 'hungry'. A sentence which contains only one form of subject pronouns and adjectives form a predicate or noun (N) is possible in the Indonesian.
However, unlike the case in English. The phrase 'I am hungry.' in Indonesian is not the same as "I hungry ', although I = I, and hungry = hungry. sentence should English is" I am hungry. "Now, that sentence contains' am' between I (i) and hungry (hungry). In other words, there is an additional component in the English tongue predicate. During this time we know the 'am' as one of the 'to be'. however, if viewed in the dictionary, the entry 'be' categorized as a verb (verb). therefore, striking differences between the predicate Indonesi Language and English is that the predicates in English must contain a verb (verb), and therefore we will refer to the basic components tongue English sentences as Subject and Verb (S + V), is no longer the S + P .


Now let's see, how many types of verb that can fill the components 'predicate' in English: 1) To be: is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being.2) Finite verb: drive, walk, write, say, and other variants such as says, walks, writes, drives, sleeps, and others. Included in this is kelopok 2nd form of the verb (V2 / past), namely, drove, slept, wrote, said, walked, etc.. 3) modals: can, may, must, should, would. Marshall, will4) Auxiliary verb: do, does, did, as well as other variants such as have, had, has.
There is no regular expressions in English which do not contain any of the groups listed above or a combination thereof. Remember: Verb form-ing (sleeping, driving, walking, writing, etc.) are not included in the above group considering the use of this word has rules of its own.


Now try the following questions:


The President ______________ the election by a landslide.
(A) won
(B) he won
(C) yesterday
(D) fortunately


S - V Agreement, Appositive, and the Object of Preposition
Unlike in Indonesian, in English subject must be in conformity with the Verb. For example, in the sentence 'She is writing a letter' subject 'She' and the verb 'is writing' accords, because if I replace it with 'are writing', then the subject is not in conformity with the verb. Questions relating to the suitability pretty much found the TOEFL.
In general, in the context of some of the Simple Present Tense and the Past, S and V must be compatible. For example:
We are students.
We have been waiting for him for more that five hours.
She was eating dinner when I arrived. 

Consider another example:
The value of precious gems is determined by their hardness and brilliance.

Although the remote location of S and V as in the example sentence above, they still have to be compatible.

In general, a short way to memorize this concept are:

S+ S + V-s     

S-S + V + s

This means that if S contains the letter 's' (plural, eg Brothers) then V is not using the letter 's' (eg work, not works). Vice versa. Examples.

My brothers work at the post office.

My brother works at the post office.

Apposition (Appositive) is a word or group of words that typically do not contain S and V, the meaning of which is equal to the S, or explain S. It can be placed between the S and V are flanked by two commas, or can also be placed before the S and separated by a comma. Example: Influenza, a common disease, has no cure.

Its apposition: 'a common disease'

or it could be: A common disease, influenza has no cure.

Meanwhile, an S shall not contain prepositions (preposition) like 'at, on, in, of, with' etc.. If on an S we find the next word, it is not included as part of S. For example, if the S is: 'The value of precious gems' then calculated as S to be adjusted to V (see SV Agreement) is the part before the preposition , namely 'The value' course, remember the words which afterwards preceded by the preposition 'of'.
So if S 'The value of precious gems' have V 'Determines' then S and V are NOT accords. Do not be fooled by the plural form after the preposition. Beware, participants often stuck. 

It should also be noted that there exist some S which requires V is singular or plural. It is however a few exceptions. For example:

The number of single V wants .........

The number of female doctors is ..... (Instead of 'are')

A number of V requires the plural .............

A number of students are ...... (Not 'is')

TENSES

The material on the matter tense is 'creepy' when our junior high or high school, considering there are a lot of patterns and formulas that must be memorized. But let's simplify: Tense it relates to time. Logically, the human experience of time there are only two, namely PAST and FUTURE NOW! What about the FUTURE? And Allaah 'natural bi murodih! No one knows what will happen tomorrow! It had its domain of the Almighty. What is the evidence: for example Tense Simple Future tense: 'I will go to Semarang next week' SURE pronounced in the present! So the shape of the future will be spoken within the framework of the present or the past.

Therefore it is only 2 forms of time alone, PAST and PRESENT, then on the TOEFL questions about tenses only two tenses dwell in this alone. Why is that? Of the four forms of the verb, V1, V2, V3, and V-ing, only V1 and V2 was related to time!! Example:

1) She is writing a letter (PRESENT)

2) She was writing a letter (PAST)

Explanation: in sentence 1): words in V that shows Present is 'is' (V1) is not 'writing'; in sentence 2): words in V that shows is the Past 'was' (V2) instead of 'writing'. Try to see if the form-ing 'writing' to change due to time? He replied NO!! To be honest, we often get caught saying that the existing V-ing it (let alone wear one of salaitu ah not to be) it is PRESENT. From now on let us understand bahw V-ing it has nothing to do whatsoever with the PRESENT!!!

Another example:

1) She has written her thesis.

2) She had written her thesis.

Explanation: in sentence 1) the word 'has' (V1) showed PRESENT, not 'written'; in sentence 2) the word 'had' (V2) shows the PAST, not 'written'. Once again, we sometimes get stuck understood as PAST V3, but V3 is NOT nothing to do with the PAST!!!

In the TOEFL, questions about tenses only revolve around the issue of whether the V shape is in accordance with the context of the sentence or not; and it was just about the only form of PAST and PRESENT. Example:

In the Milkyway Galaxy, the most recently observed supernova has Appeared in 1604.

                                                                                                                                         
Verb 'has Appeared' in the above sentence is not appropriate, given the marker's time is past, namely 1964.

FORMULA relating to USE VERBS

Each verb has four forms, namely V1, V2, V3, and V-ing. Each verb when used as a predicate, it means the verb has an S on the left or right side, there are certain formulas that need to be understood and, of course, be memorized:

S + V1 / s : They write letters every week.

   She writes a letter every week.

The use of V1 directly after the S, can not use to be or has, have, had!!

S + V2 : She wrote a letter last week.

The use of V2 also directly after the S!

S + to be + V-ing: She is writing a letter.

The use of V-ing should always be accompanied by one of the forms to be when used as a predicate. Remember: if NOT as a predicate, then V-ing should not use to be!!

Example: The boy standing in the corner is naughty.

The word 'standing' in the sentence above is NOT the one of a predicate,

S + has / have / had / to be + V3         : She has written a letter.

Use of V3 must always be accompanied by Has / have / had / to be when used as a predicate! Remember: if NOT as a predicate, then V3 must be 'alone'!!!

Example: The letter written last week arrived today.Kata 'written' in the sentence above is NOT a Verb, but only an Adjective. Verb (predicate) sentence above is 'arrived'. 

Gerunds as Subject, Object or Complement

Try to think of gerunds as verbs in noun form.
Like nouns, gerunds can be the subject, object or complement of a sentence:

• Smoking costs a lot of money.
• I do not like writing.
• My favorite occupation is reading.

But, like a verb, a gerund can also have an object itself. In this case, the whole expression [gerund + object] can be the subject, object or complement of the sentence.

• Smoking cigarettes costs a lot of money.
• I do not like writing letters.
• My favorite occupation is reading detective stories.

Like nouns, we can use gerunds with adjectives (including articles and other determiners):

• pointless questioning
• a settling of debts
• the making of Titanic
• his drinking of alcohol

But when we use a gerund with an article, it does not usually take a direct object:

• a settling of debts (not a settling debts)
• Making "Titanic" was expensive.
• The making of "Titanic" was expensive.

Sources:

(http://paman-guru.blogspot.com/2012/09/tips-toefl-untuk-mengerjakan-soal.htm)

(http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-gerunds_1.htm)

(http://id.ask.com/web?q=contoh% 20gerund & qsrc = 999 & l = sem & siteid = 25335 & ad = Sema & an = google_s)