Reading Comprehension
Reading comprehension consists of two important aspects
ie Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension. In the new version of the TOEFL, the
amount of about 50 items that include vocabulary, and reding comprehension.
1.
Vocabulary
This section consists of loose sentences are some of the
words or he underlined.
2.
Reading
Comprehension
This section usually consists of five or six aas script
(reading) short, each of which is followed by some questions, and peranyaan
these questions must be answered in accordance with the information expressed
or implied in the text.
A.
Tip-General Tips
Here are tips for TOEFL examinees can work on reading
comprehension and vocabulary sections with ease.
1. Begin
with vocabulary questions 1-30.
Complete this section quickly
and efficiently. Read each sentence quickly by focusing on a word or words
underlined and the four answer choices.
2. If
you have time take a look back over the reading comprehension questions.
Look back at the questions
vocabulary only when you feel confident enough to answer reading comprehension
questions.
3. Never
allow the missed questions
Please answer all questions
even though you are not sure of the proper answer to a question. In such cases
you can do it by guessing answers the question according to your intuition.
B.
Tips TOEFL Vocabulary Enrichment
A vocabulary test dieskan
aspects in both the TOEFL Test-TOEFL-like, Intitutional TOEFL and the
International TOEFL. For it must needs be, enrich we vocabulary with some of
these tips.
1.
Read as much as possible a wide variety of reading
materials.
Read as much as possible
especially newspapers, magazines, books and encyclopedias that are academic and
formal. When reading try to guess the meaning of words through context not you
know, that take advantage of the other words in the sentence or passage as a
clue to the meaning of words that are unknown to you.
2.
Record new vocabulary
There are three possible ways
and commonplace we do to record new vocabulary, that is [a] use a vocabulary notebook,
[b] use of paper folding, and etc.. Here is an explanation of each technique
noted the vocabulary.
a. Vocabulary Notebook
One way to enrich vocabulary for TOEFL is providing
cataan book kosakatayang want to learn. In the book it is necessary to note you
can write words, pronunciation, definition, and examples of its use in a
sentence. The benefits of this method is that you can collect new vocabulary,
and is a means to review the old entries as new entries are made. The
disadvantage is that the notebook will be a pile of vocabulary lists that do
not mean anything if there is no continuous reconsideration as the following
example.
|
Vocabulary
|
Definition
|
Example Sentences
|
|
Perspicacious
/ P: spikei s /
|
Having keen insight, judgment or understanding; Shrewd
|
If he had been more perspicacious, he might not have lost so much money
on the stock market.
|
b. Using Paper Folding
This way you take a piece of paper and fold it into three
or four columns. In the first column you want to write the vocabulary studied.
In the second column, write down your pronunciation and the word class, in the
third column, the meaning or definition, and the fourth column of the example
sentences using the word before, but the new words to be learned replaced with
blank spaces.
c. Use a good dictionary.
In essence, there are two kinds of dictionaries, each
with different variations, primarily due to the number of entries and the
content of the information offered. Of the many dictionaries available in
bookstores, at least choose a dictionary that contains the following
information:
·
Pronunciation
of the word.
·
How
to use the word grammatically, for example, the word class noun (n), verbs (v),
adjective (adj), and so on.
·
Clear
meaning and definition.
·
Example
use of the word in the sentence or phrase.
·
Supplement:
the origin of the word. This information can help you to learn new words by
giving the meaning of the parts of the new word (prefix, word origin, and
suffix).
C.
Tips Answering Questions Vocabulary
To answer the dala TOEFL
vocabulary, we need to use some tips or ways that can help us in the exam.
1. Do
it immediately without reading about how the command is working vocabulary.
Because the
command TOEFL test reading comprehension and vocabulary sections are the same
for all types of tests, if you already understand the correct command no longer
need to read it so as to save time.
2. Take
the carefully but quickly
In connection
with work on the problems carefully but quickly, there are some very important
things that you need to look at, and apply such as:
a.
Time
to work on vocabulary and reading comprehension section is only 45 minutes.
b.
Do
not spend time for a vocabulary that you do not know.
c.
If
there is residual waktum, you can see the back of this vocabulary questions
after the reading comprehension section.
d.
Do
not spend a lot of time for tough questions.
e.
Do
not spend time looking for clues to understand a word you do not know.
f.
Do
not spend time searching for grammatical clues because all the answers are
grammatical choices can replace the underlined word, and not part of the
vocabulary test grammar.
g.
Use
the time to not spell out the word over its elements, because meskipunsangat
helps enrich vocabulary, knowledge of word elements will not be much help
choose the correct answer.
3. Read
the sentences about focusing on a word or group of words that are underlined or
be in quotes as well as the fourth choice answer.
You do not
need to know the meaning of all the words in the sentence. Most important is
the word or group of words that are underlined or be in quotes. Therefore, do
not be tempted by other words you do not know. because most, or even all of the
sentences in this section do not have a clue context, there would be no point for
you to know the meaning of words that are not underlined. In addition, try to
figure out the meaning of other words in the sentence it will spend valuable
time.
4. Be
careful of the words are ambiguous.
The words in
the English language often has a double meaning. You should be aware that in
the vocabulary section, the primary meaning of a word can be a wrong answer,
while the secondary meaning of the word can be the right answer.
5. Choose
the most appropriate matching
You sometimes
need to know the underlined word along with four answer choices. However, note
that multiple choice answers taaran only differ in meaning. You have to choose
the answer closest meaning to the underlined word. Therefore, although the
answer (A), for example, look right, read all the answer choices before making
a decision other than the last.
6. Remember
the trick or stratagem that may wear authors TOEFL test
Before you take the
test, review the things you should NOT do during the test. The author is trying
to provoke you to do these things, and have prepared the questions that will
deceive you if not careful.
Sample Reading Comprehension
Questions 1 through 10 are based on the following passage.
Lichens, of the which more than
twenty thousand species have been named, are complex associations between
certain algae. The lichen itself is not an organism: rather it is the
morphological and biochemical product of the association. Neither a fungus nor
an algae alone can produce lichen.
The intimate relationship between these two components of the lichen living was once erroneously though to represent mutualism. In mutual relationships, both the benefit of participants. With lichens, however, it appears the fungus actually parasitizes the algae. This is one of the Conclusions drawn from experiments in the which the two components of lichens were separated and grown apart.
In nature, lichen fungi may encounter and grow around saveral kinds of algae. Some types of algae the fungi may kill; other types may reject it. Lichen algae are autotrophic, meaning they of make their own food through photosynthesis. Lichen fungi are heterotrophic, meaning they depend upon the algae within the lichen to supply their food. Up to ninety percent of than food made by the green algal cell is transferred to the fungus. What, if anything, the fungus Contributes to the association is not well understood.
Lichens are hardly. The grow in many habitats and are pioneers in hostile Often environmentswhere few other organisms can flourish.
They have been known to grow endolithically, having been discovered thriving inside of rocks in Antarctica. Lichen help reduce erosion by stabilizing soil. Saveral kinds of insects glue lichens to their exoskeletons for camouflage.
Many species of birds use lichens as
building materials for nests. Human have used lichens for dyes and antibiotics.
1.
Which of the following best
describes lichen association?
A.
Simple plants made of two different
autotrophic organims.
B.
A
mutual association between a fungus and an alga
C.
A parasitic association between two
fungi, one autotrophic, the second autotrophic
D.
A union between a parasitic fungus
and an autotrophic algae
2.
The word "hardly" in line
26 is clossest in meaning to
A.
Tender
B.
Durable
C.
Armed
D.
Beneficial
3.
In Biology, mutualism Occurs when two
different organisms live close together and
A.
One organism parasitizes the other
B.
Both
organisms benefit from the association
C.
Both organisms are harmed by the
association
D.
One organism benefits while the
other does not or is harmed by the association
4.
In line 7, the word
"intimate" is nearest in meaning to
A.
Living
B.
Extraordinary
C.
Biological
D.
Close
5.
Lichen serves as camouflage for the
which of the following?
A.
Insects
B.
Birds
C.
Reptiles
D.
Mammals
6. The true nature of the relationship between the lichen
components was clarified by
A.
Examining lichens with a microscope
B.
Observing lichens palced in the dark
C.
Observing
the lichen component when grown apart
D.
Decreasing the amount of nutrients
available to the lichens
7.
In line 27, the word
"hostile" is clossestnin the meaning to
A.
Unusual
B.
Cool
C.
Untraveled
D.
Inhospitable
8. An endolithic lichen is one that
A.
Grows in the canopies of trees
B.
Grows inside rocks
C.
Grows
at very high altitudes
D.
Grows inside of other organisms,
Including other lichens
9.
Many lichens Contribute at the
communities they in habits by
A.
Removing pollutants from the air
B.
Controlling wood-rotting fungi
C.
Slowing the spread of viruses
D.
Reducing
soil erosion
Questions 11 through 20 are based on
the following passage.
When
buying a house, you must be sure to have it checked for termites. A termite is
much like an ant in its communal habits, although physically the two insects
are distinct.
Like
those of ants, termite colonies Consist of different classes, each with its own
particular job. The most perfectly formed termites, both male and female, make
up the productive class. They have eyes, hard body walls and fully developed
wings. A pair of reproductive termites founds the colony. When new reproductive
termites develop, they leave to form another colony. They use their wings only
this on time and then break them off.
The
worker termites are small, blind and Wingless, with soft bodies. They make up
the majority of the colony and do all the work. Soldiers are eyeless and
Wingless but are larger than the workers and have hard heads and strong jaws
and legs. They defend the colony and are cared for by the workers.
The
male and female of the reproductive class REMAIN inside a closed-in cell when
the female lays Thousands of eggs. The workers place the eggs in cell and care
for them. Even if one colony is treated with poison, if a male and female of
the reproductive class escape, they can form a new colony.
Pest
control companies can inspect a house for infestation of termites. Often, of
the lay person can not spot the evidence, so it is critical to have the opinion
of a proffesional. Treatments vary depending upon the type of termite.
10.
How are termites like ants?
A.
They
live in communities, and each class has a specific duty
B.
Their bodies are the same shape
C.
The king and queen are imprisoned
D.
The females' reproductive capacities
are the same
11.
The word "communal" in
line 3 is closest in meaning to
A.
Eating
B.
Reproducing
C.
Organizational
D.
Social
12.
Which of the following is not true?
A.
All termites have eyes
B.
Some
termites can not fly
C.
Workers are smaller than soldiers
D.
Termites do not fly Often
13.
In line 4, the word
"distinct" is closest in meaning to
A.
Similar
B.
Different
C.
Related
D.
Strong
14.
In line 6, "classes" is
closest in meaning to
A.
Sexes
B.
Colonies
C.
Courses
D.
Categories
15.
Which of the following statements is
probably true?
A.
Thousands of termites may move
together to develop a new colony
B.
The
male and female reproductions do not venture outdoors except to form a new
colony.
C.
There are more soldiers than workers
D.
A worker could kill a soldier Easily
16.
The word "founds" in line
10 is nearest in meaning to
A.
Establishes
B.
Destroys
C.
Control
D.
Guards
17.
Which of the following would be the
best title for this passage?
A.
Termites Destroy Houses
B.
Termites Work Well Together
C.
The
Habits and Physical Characteristics of Termites
D.
The relationship of Soldier and
Worker Termites
18.
The word "each" in line 6
Refers to
A.
Ants
B.
Colonies
C.
Jobs
D.
Classes
Sources:
·
Irham Ali Saifuddin, 2005, Book Smart TOEFL,
Diva Press, Yogyakarta.
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